{"id":443,"date":"2025-11-10T05:02:13","date_gmt":"2025-11-10T05:02:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/?p=443"},"modified":"2025-11-10T05:08:58","modified_gmt":"2025-11-10T05:08:58","slug":"bikram-chatterji-and-others-vs-union-of-india-and-others-i-a-nos-49238-of-2020-decided-on-10-06-2020","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/bikram-chatterji-and-others-vs-union-of-india-and-others-i-a-nos-49238-of-2020-decided-on-10-06-2020\/","title":{"rendered":"BIKRAM CHATTERJI AND OTHERS Vs. UNION OF INDIA AND OTHERS, I.A. Nos. 49238 of 2020, Decided on : 10-06-2020"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"443\" class=\"elementor elementor-443\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e3e2f7e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3e3e2f7e\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-343bfef7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"343bfef7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Issues Raised<\/strong> \u2013 the problems or questions brought before the court.<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\"><\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NBCC&#8217;s Legal Protection:<\/strong> NBCC (the construction company appointed by the Court) sought confirmation that it is protected from being sued by homebuyers, vendors, and others in various courts nationwide, as dealing with these lawsuits was distracting them from their construction work.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Repayment of Interest:<\/strong> Royalgolf Link City Projects Private Limited requested a modification of a previous order, arguing that it faced extreme financial hardship and should be excused from paying the mandated 12% interest on Rs. 48.52 crores it had received and repaid to the Amrapali Group.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Use of Development Rights (FAR):<\/strong> The Noida and Greater Noida Authorities wanted unused land development rights (called FAR) to be returned to them so they could sell it to recover the huge outstanding financial dues owed by the Amrapali Group. Conversely, the Court Receiver wanted to sell the same FAR to raise funds urgently needed to complete the stalled housing projects.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Forensic Report Challenge:<\/strong> Vansh Consultants Private Limited sought to have its name removed from the detailed financial investigation (Forensic Auditor&#8217;s) report, claiming it was wrongly listed as owing Rs. 9.75 crores to the Amrapali Group.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Home Loan Disbursement:<\/strong> The Court Receiver requested directions for banks to release sanctioned home loans to buyers, even if their accounts were classified as financially troubled (Non-Performing Assets or NPAs), and to restructure these loans.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Interest Rates on Land Dues:<\/strong> Developers requested a significant reduction in the extremely high interest and penalty rates (ranging up to 15% compounded semi-annually, plus penal interest) charged by the Noida and Greater Noida Authorities on outstanding land premiums, which was halting construction across the region.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Issues Framed<\/strong> \u2013 the main questions the court decided to examine.<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\"><\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Is NBCC immune from legal action in other courts while working on the Amrapali projects under the Supreme Court&#8217;s supervision?<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Does Royalgolf Link City Projects Private Limited have grounds for waiving the interest payment on the money it held that belonged to the homebuyers?<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Should the unused land development rights (FAR) be given back to the Noida and Greater Noida Authorities to recover their dues, or should the Court Receiver sell them to fund project completion?<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Was the financial investigation (Forensic Auditor&#8217;s) report listing Vansh Consultants Private Limited as a debtor inaccurate, based on the documents provided?<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Can the Supreme Court direct banks to ignore standard rules (like NPA status) and release pending home loans to homebuyers to facilitate project completion?<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Should the court intervene to reduce the excessively high interest rates charged by the Authorities on outstanding land payments due to the poor condition of the real estate sector and the plight of homebuyers?<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Observations on Issues Framed<\/strong> \u2013 what the court noticed or said on each issue.<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NBCC Immunity:<\/strong> NBCC is operating strictly under the Supreme Court\u2019s orders and supervision. It is only accountable to this Court in the pending case and is granted immunity from lawsuits filed by existing homebuyers, previous contractors, or government authorities in any other court or commission.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Royalgolf Interest:<\/strong> The money Royalgolf received was diverted money belonging to the homebuyers. The hardships cited by Royalgolf were commercial in nature. Allowing them to keep the benefit of that large amount without interest would amount to unfair enrichment. A 12% interest rate was deemed reasonable.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Sale of FAR:<\/strong> The availability of these development rights (FAR) is fundamentally due to the money invested by the homebuyers. Therefore, the homebuyers should have the first claim on any proceeds from the sale of FAR to ensure projects are completed. The Authorities&#8217; dues must be recovered from the attached properties of the Amrapali Group, not from the sale of FAR needed for project completion.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Vansh Consultants:<\/strong> The detailed financial investigation report was found to be correct. The agreement Vansh Consultants presented was suspicious and appeared designed to hide the actual financial transactions, especially given the implied 100% interest rate and the non-existence of the tower\/flats mentioned in the agreement. The money movement was seen as a conduit for money laundering.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Home Loan Disbursement:<\/strong> It is in the interest of both the homebuyers and the banks that the projects are completed so that banks can recover their money. Given the specific circumstances where projects have been stalled for years, the RBI\u2019s guidelines concerning troubled accounts (NPAs) would not prevent the Supreme Court from issuing necessary directions for loan release and restructuring.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Interest Rates on Land Dues:<\/strong> The interest rates charged by the Authorities (such as 15% compounded semi-annually plus penal interest) are excessive when compared to prevailing bank lending rates (which have fallen significantly, e.g., SBI MCLR around 7-8%). These high rates are severely impacting the ability of developers to complete projects and are negatively affecting homebuyers. The Court concluded that a reasonable rate must be fixed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Sections Interpreted<\/strong> \u2013 the sections of law and Act names discussed by the court.<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Negotiable Instruments Act, Section 138<\/strong> (Regarding proceedings filed for dishonored checks).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>RERA (Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act)<\/strong> (Mentioned regarding the cancellation of the Amrapali Group\u2019s registration and the requirement for timely completion of projects).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act)<\/strong> (Mentioned regarding potential violations indicated in the financial investigation report).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Law Settled<\/strong> \u2013 the legal rule or principle made clear by the court.<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Immunity for Court-Appointed Entities:<\/strong> Any entity appointed by the Supreme Court (like NBCC) to complete projects under judicial supervision is immune from being sued in any lower court or tribunal concerning the work performed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Disgorging Unjust Enrichment:<\/strong> Parties who benefit from holding and using diverted funds belonging to homebuyers are required to return that money with reasonable interest to prevent unfair financial gain.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Priority of Homebuyer Assets:<\/strong> Resources essential for project completion (like the saleable development rights\/FAR) that originated due to homebuyer investment must be controlled by the Court Receiver and prioritized for finishing the projects, superseding the dues recovery claims of the Authorities and banks.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Judicial Restructuring of Loans:<\/strong> In exceptional circumstances involving failed housing projects, the Supreme Court has the authority to direct banks and financial institutions to restructure existing home loans and release funds, even for accounts previously designated as financially troubled (NPAs), to ensure construction is completed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Reasonable Interest Rates for Authorities:<\/strong> Given the severe financial distress in the real estate sector, the high interest and penalty rates charged by land development authorities (Noida\/Greater Noida) on outstanding land premium are deemed unsustainable and must be reduced to a reasonable rate (fixed at 8% per annum) to allow projects to be completed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Judgment \/ Directions (Conclusion)<\/strong> \u2013 the final order or directions of the court.<\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\"><\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Protection for NBCC:<\/strong> All courts, commissions, and authorities are ordered not to allow NBCC to be made a party in any legal dispute related to the Amrapali projects or issue summons to its officials. NBCC must submit monthly progress reports to the Court Receiver, who will post them on a website for the information of the homebuyers.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Royalgolf Interest Payment:<\/strong> Royalgolf Link City Projects Private Limited&#8217;s request to waive the 12% interest payment was denied. They must deposit the total interest amount within six weeks.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Sale of FAR:<\/strong> The request from Noida and Greater Noida Authorities to take back unused development rights (FAR) was rejected. The Court Receiver is authorized to sell all available FAR (including permissible, unused, and purchasable FAR) to raise money to complete the incomplete housing projects. The Authorities must approve necessary building plans for this sale within 30 days.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Vansh Consultants:<\/strong> The request to remove Vansh Consultants Private Limited&#8217;s name from the list of entities owing money in the financial investigation report was dismissed.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Home Loan Release:<\/strong> Banks and financial institutions are directed to release sanctioned loans to homebuyers, even if their accounts are declared as financially troubled (NPAs). These loans must be restructured for the long term and disbursed based on the current interest rates set by the RBI, according to the stages of construction.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Interest Rate Reduction:<\/strong> The interest rate charged by Noida and Greater Noida Authorities on outstanding land payments for all such projects is reduced to <strong>8% per annum<\/strong>. The Authorities must restructure the repayment schedule accordingly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1370395 elementor-shape-rounded elementor-grid-0 e-grid-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"1370395\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-youtube elementor-repeater-item-0686dd9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCBYhCOJ-ZtiZDCt2NJRz2nA\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Youtube<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-youtube\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-instagram elementor-repeater-item-75275c5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/mudralegal\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Instagram<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-instagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-linkedin elementor-repeater-item-0266459\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/mudra-legal\/posts\/?feedView=all\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Linkedin<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-linkedin\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 32H31.9C14.3 32 0 46.5 0 64.3v383.4C0 465.5 14.3 480 31.9 480H416c17.6 0 32-14.5 32-32.3V64.3c0-17.8-14.4-32.3-32-32.3zM135.4 416H69V202.2h66.5V416zm-33.2-243c-21.3 0-38.5-17.3-38.5-38.5S80.9 96 102.2 96c21.2 0 38.5 17.3 38.5 38.5 0 21.3-17.2 38.5-38.5 38.5zm282.1 243h-66.4V312c0-24.8-.5-56.7-34.5-56.7-34.6 0-39.9 27-39.9 54.9V416h-66.4V202.2h63.7v29.2h.9c8.9-16.8 30.6-34.5 62.9-34.5 67.2 0 79.7 44.3 79.7 101.9V416z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Issues Raised \u2013 the problems or questions brought before the court. Issues Framed \u2013 the main questions the court decided [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":456,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-443","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"rttpg_featured_image_url":{"full":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-14.png",678,325,false],"landscape":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-14.png",678,325,false],"portraits":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-14.png",678,325,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-14-150x150.png",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-14-300x144.png",300,144,true],"large":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-14.png",678,325,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-14.png",678,325,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-14.png",678,325,false]},"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"Mudralegal","author_link":"https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/author\/mudralegal\/"},"rttpg_comment":0,"rttpg_category":"<a href=\"https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/category\/uncategorized\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Uncategorized<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"Issues Raised \u2013 the problems or questions brought before the court. 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