{"id":411,"date":"2025-11-05T07:10:46","date_gmt":"2025-11-05T07:10:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/?p=411"},"modified":"2025-11-05T07:20:15","modified_gmt":"2025-11-05T07:20:15","slug":"bikram-chatterji-and-others-vs-union-of-india-and-others-writ-petition-civil-no-940-of-2017-decided-on-23-07-2019","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/bikram-chatterji-and-others-vs-union-of-india-and-others-writ-petition-civil-no-940-of-2017-decided-on-23-07-2019\/","title":{"rendered":"BIKRAM CHATTERJI AND OTHERS Vs. UNION OF INDIA AND OTHERS, Writ Petition (Civil) No. 940 of 2017, Decided on : 23-07-2019"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"411\" class=\"elementor elementor-411\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c88ebc8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"4c88ebc8\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e98626a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7e98626a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Issues Raised \u2013 the problems or questions brought before the court.<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The core problem involved approximately <strong>42,000 flats<\/strong> proposed by the Amrapali Group of Companies in Noida and Greater Noida that were never delivered, despite home buyers paying up to 100% of the cost.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The home buyers filed petitions because they were suffering a &#8220;double loss&#8221; (paying bank installments\/EMIs without having possession) and feared losing their entire savings. Their interests were jeopardized after an insolvency process (CIRP) was triggered by a bank, leading to restrictions (moratorium) on legal action.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The broader issues concerned the <strong>fraudulent diversion of vast sums of money<\/strong> collected from buyers and banks, estimated by the developer itself to be over <strong>Rs. 2,765 crores<\/strong>, and the complete failure of the promoters to complete construction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Issues Framed \u2013 the main questions the court decided to examine.<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\"><\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;\">How to protect the interests of the 42,000 home buyers and ensure the completion of the stalled projects.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;\">Whether the Amrapali Group directors were guilty of severe misconduct, including a &#8220;criminal breach of trust&#8221; due to the massive diversion of funds.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">Whether government authorities (Noida\/Greater Noida) and banks, who held financial charges\/mortgages on the land, could enforce those claims against the projects, given their own alleged <\/span><strong style=\"font-style: inherit; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\">collusion and negligence<\/strong><span style=\"font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"> in monitoring the builder.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;\">Whether the development leases granted to the Amrapali Group should be canceled due to the chronic failure to pay dues and abide by statutory rules.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit;\">How to recover the diverted money from the promoters, directors, and associated fraudulent companies.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\"><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\"><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\"><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\"><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\"><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Observations on Issues Framed \u2013 what the court noticed or said on each issue,<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Fraud and Diversion:<\/strong> The Court found the conduct of the Amrapali Group to be &#8220;dubious and unfair&#8221;. The promoters, supported by the CFO and Statutory Auditors, engaged in &#8220;patent and blatant fraud&#8221;. The money paid by home buyers was diverted (totaling over Rs. 5,619.47 crores) to <strong>shell companies<\/strong> often run by junior employees, peons, and relatives of the Directors and Auditors. This diverted money was used for personal expenses (like a daughter&#8217;s wedding, luxury cars, and personal assets like hotels and malls).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Negligence of Authorities and Banks:<\/strong> Noida and Greater Noida Authorities acted in &#8220;clear breach of public trust&#8221; by repeatedly failing to monitor the projects, allotting more land despite the developer&#8217;s defaults, and permitting the builder to sub-lease land without clearing its substantial public dues. Banks (like Bank of Baroda) were also negligent, acting as &#8220;mute spectators&#8221; to fund diversion, despite the fact that the money was routed immediately after sanctioning the loans.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Status of Mortgages:<\/strong> Because the builder never fully paid the land premium and lease rent to the Authorities (a condition precedent for mortgage approval), the <strong>mortgages created in favor of the banks were held invalid<\/strong>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Protection for Home Buyers:<\/strong> The buildings were erected using the home buyers&#8217; money. Therefore, Authorities and Banks <strong>cannot be permitted to recover their dues by penalizing the innocent buyers<\/strong> and selling off the projects built with their investment, as this would be &#8220;unjust&#8221; and constitute &#8220;another fraud&#8221; upon them.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Sections Interpreted \u2013 the sections of law and Act names discussed by the court.<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Act, 2016 (RERA Act):<\/strong> Sections 4(2)(l)(D) (70% mandatory deposit rule), 7 (Revocation of registration), 8 (Obligation to complete project after revocation\/lapse), and 11(4)(h) (Mortgage restriction after sale agreement).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>U.P. Industrial Area Development Act, 1976:<\/strong> Section 14 (Resumption of site).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC):<\/strong> Section 53 (Creditor payment priority).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA):<\/strong> Provisions related to External Commercial Borrowings (ECB) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) were found to be violated (e.g., in transactions involving JP Morgan).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>The Companies Act, 2013:<\/strong> Section 164(2) (Director disqualification).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Constitution of India:<\/strong> The <strong>Public Trust Doctrine<\/strong> was applied to hold public officials (Authorities and Bankers) accountable for mishandling public resources and failing to protect the public good.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Law Settled \u2013 the legal rule or principle made clear by the court.<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The principle that <strong>&#8220;fraud vitiates&#8221;<\/strong> dictates that entities (like banks and government authorities) cannot enforce rights (such as primary charge\/mortgage) against a project if they were negligent or complicit in the large-scale fraud committed by the developer who diverted the majority of the invested funds.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Under the RERA Act, the Authority is mandated to ensure that housing projects are <strong>completed<\/strong> if a promoter defaults or commits fraud (Section 8). Furthermore, any mortgage created by a promoter on a unit after executing a sale agreement with a buyer cannot affect the buyer&#8217;s interest.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The massive financial dues owed by the defaulting builder to Authorities and Banks <strong>must be recovered from the personal assets<\/strong> of the promoters, Directors, and the fraudulent companies created by them, not by placing the burden on the home buyers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Judgment \/ Directions (Conclusion) \u2013 the final order or directions of the court.<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\"><\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Lease and Registration Cancelled:<\/strong> The Supreme Court <strong>canceled the RERA registration<\/strong> of the Amrapali Group companies. It also <strong>canceled the land leases<\/strong> granted by Noida and Greater Noida Authorities.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Court Takes Control:<\/strong> The rights to the projects are immediately transferred to a <strong>Court Receiver<\/strong> (Mr. R. Venkataramani, Senior Advocate).<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Project Completion:<\/strong> The <strong>NBCC<\/strong> (a government construction company) is appointed to <strong>complete all pending projects<\/strong> and hand over possession to the buyers.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>No Dues Hold-Up:<\/strong> Noida\/Greater Noida Authorities must <strong>immediately issue completion\/occupancy certificates<\/strong> and execute the <strong>legal transfer deeds<\/strong> (tripartite agreements) in favor of the home buyers within one month, regardless of the outstanding land dues or bank charges.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Financial Recovery:<\/strong> Authorities and Banks <strong>cannot sell or demolish<\/strong> the residential units to recover their money. They must recover their dues from the <strong>other properties of the promoters<\/strong> and the assets created through the diversion of funds that have been attached.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Home Buyer Payments:<\/strong> Home buyers must deposit their remaining dues into a special <strong>UCO Bank escrow account<\/strong> established by the Court within three months, and this money will be strictly used for construction.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"1\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Investigation\/Punishment:<\/strong> The <strong>Enforcement Directorate<\/strong> is directed to investigate money laundering and FEMA violations. The <strong>Institute of Chartered Accountants of India<\/strong> must take disciplinary action against Statutory Auditor Mr. Anil Mittal.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><ul><li><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Recovery from Promoters:<\/strong> Directors, companies, and individuals found holding diverted money must <strong>deposit the amounts into the Court account<\/strong> within one month<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb20af4 elementor-shape-rounded elementor-grid-0 e-grid-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"bb20af4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-youtube elementor-repeater-item-1f715cb\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCBYhCOJ-ZtiZDCt2NJRz2nA\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Youtube<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-youtube\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-linkedin elementor-repeater-item-136b9a1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/mudra-legal\/posts\/?feedView=all\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Linkedin<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-linkedin\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 32H31.9C14.3 32 0 46.5 0 64.3v383.4C0 465.5 14.3 480 31.9 480H416c17.6 0 32-14.5 32-32.3V64.3c0-17.8-14.4-32.3-32-32.3zM135.4 416H69V202.2h66.5V416zm-33.2-243c-21.3 0-38.5-17.3-38.5-38.5S80.9 96 102.2 96c21.2 0 38.5 17.3 38.5 38.5 0 21.3-17.2 38.5-38.5 38.5zm282.1 243h-66.4V312c0-24.8-.5-56.7-34.5-56.7-34.6 0-39.9 27-39.9 54.9V416h-66.4V202.2h63.7v29.2h.9c8.9-16.8 30.6-34.5 62.9-34.5 67.2 0 79.7 44.3 79.7 101.9V416z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-instagram elementor-repeater-item-7332300\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/mudralegal\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Instagram<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fab-instagram\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Issues Raised \u2013 the problems or questions brought before the court. The core problem involved approximately 42,000 flats proposed by [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":419,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-411","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"rttpg_featured_image_url":{"full":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-11.png",678,325,false],"landscape":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-11.png",678,325,false],"portraits":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-11.png",678,325,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-11-150x150.png",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-11-300x144.png",300,144,true],"large":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-11.png",678,325,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-11.png",678,325,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Add-a-heading-11.png",678,325,false]},"rttpg_author":{"display_name":"Mudralegal","author_link":"https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/author\/mudralegal\/"},"rttpg_comment":1,"rttpg_category":"<a href=\"https:\/\/mudralegal.com\/blog\/category\/uncategorized\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Uncategorized<\/a>","rttpg_excerpt":"Issues Raised \u2013 the problems or questions brought before the court. 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